Validium

Validium’s mechanism is nearly identical to a ZK-rollup with the only difference being data availability in a ZK-rollup is on-chain, while Validium keeps it off-chain. This means ZK-rollups post data on the Layer-One blockchain itself while Validiums post validity proofs on-chain, but the data remain on a separate network. This benefit enables Validium to achieve considerably higher throughput than ZKR or ORs. By sending data off-chain rather than on-chain, it further reduces the cost of each transaction and increases the transactions per second (TPS)